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In addition to a traditional individual doctorate, Germany also offers the possibility of studying for a PhD/doctorate within a structured doctoral programme. There are some 700 doctoral programmes in Germany that are very similar to the PhD programmes in English-speaking countries, in which a team of supervisors look after a group of doctoral students. Generally, it is possible to gain a doctorate in three years.
Structured doctoral programmes often have a strong international orientation with English as the team language. Unlike the individual doctorate model that can be freely structured to suit the individual research project, here doctoral students and their research proposals have to fit in with an existing PhD programme. The PhD/doctorate frequently entails a clearly structured doctoral study programme with compulsory attendance at lectures or seminars and interim assessment (credit points). The programme frequently also covers academic and scientific methods or soft skills, such as presentation techniques. PhD Students work steadily at realising their research project within the team and with intensive support from a group of academic staff (often referred to as the “thesis committee”).

Graduates who decide to work in industry and study for a doctorate part-time – often with funding and support from their employer – also need a university professor to supervise their research. In some cases, the employer already collaborates with a university or research institute and will help the PhD/doctoral student find the right person. People who have PhD/doctoral research posts within a company usually have part-time temporary contracts and work in a research project where they conduct their doctoral research under the supervision of a professor. When a university and an industrial company collaborate in specially established institutes, PhD/doctoral researchers usually work on their projects with their professor and a supervisor from the company.

There are different opportunities to finance your PhD:
When you are doing a individual doctorate, employment at a university is common. Often, PhD/doctoral students are employed as research associates on part-time fixed-term contracts at the institute of their supervisor, where they are usually deployed in teaching and/or in (usually third party funded) research projects.
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The traditional individual path to a PhD/doctorate remains the most common in Germany. Here, a professor supervises a PhD/doctoral student, who works on his subject in consultation with the professor, but largely independently. This form of PhD/doctoral study offers a great deal of flexibility, but demands a high degree of personal initiative and responsibility. How long a traditional individual doctorate takes depends on your own time schedule – or on the duration of your work contract. Three to five years are normal.
Depending on the subject area of your thesis, your research can be conducted alone or together with other researchers. Doctoral candidates are also free to choose where they would like to conduct research – either at a university, non-university research organisation or in industry
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http://www.research-in-germany.de/info/phd-in-germany/51594/individual-doctorate.html